the following describe internal states of symptoms except

Sleep is not a uniform state of being. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). 22. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. . Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. C) the severity and duration of the problem. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). That includes exercise and bright light from devices. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). When we do this, we often experience jet lag. Treatment. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. Thirst. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. Confusion. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. As we grow older, we sleep less. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Diarrhea. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. ,

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